FIPS 140 and What Validation Actually Certifies
A FIPS 140 certificate names one module, one version, one tested environment and one mode of operation. Here is how to read one, and…
Supremacy, Advantage, Utility: Three Words, Three Claims
Supremacy, advantage, and utility are not synonyms. Each names a different claim with a different evidence bar, and the difference decides what an announcement…
BB84 Explained: How Quantum Key Distribution Actually Works
Bennett and Brassard's 1984 protocol turns key distribution into a physics problem. Here is the mechanism, the eavesdropper maths, and the four things BB84…
Q-Day and Y2K: What the Comparison Gets Right
The Y2K analogy is useful for justifying the budget and misleading about the schedule. Here is which half of it to keep.
What Quantum Computing Actually Is
The 'tries every answer at once' story is wrong, and it leads to the wrong investments. A plain account of qubits, interference, and the…
Inside ITU-T Y.3800: The Reference Model for QKD Networks
ITU-T Y.3800 turned quantum key distribution from a point-to-point demonstration into a network architecture. What its four layers define, and what they leave open.
Quantum Parallelism: What “All at Once” Leaves Out
Superposition holds many states. Parallelism applies one operation to all of them. Interference decides what survives measurement, and that last step is the whole…
Finding the Assets Before You Find the Cryptography
Most cryptographic inventories stall at the asset layer, not the crypto layer. A sequencing guide for engineers working across mixed IT and OT estates.
Quantum Random Number Generation: Where QRNG Fits in a Key Management Stack
QRNG turns quantum indeterminacy into bits. Here is what that fixes in a key management stack, what it leaves untouched, and how to evaluate…