The Helium-3 Problem in Quantum Computing, Explained
Helium-3 has no substitute for millikelvin cooling, and most quantum computers never touch it. A working guide to the physics, the supply chain, and…
Quantum Sovereignty and Geopolitics: The Short Version
Export controls, investment screening, and diverging PQC standards have turned quantum sovereignty into a procurement question. The short version, for architects and buyers.
Will Magnetic Cooling Replace the Dilution Refrigerator?
Magnetic cooling reaches the same millikelvin temperatures as a dilution refrigerator and needs no helium-3. Cooling power at that temperature, not base temperature, decides…
The Quantum Software Stack Is a Real-Time Systems Problem
There is no quantum operating system yet. Reading the stack by deadline rather than by layer shows why, and shows where the engineering work…
The Two Dates in NIST IR 8547 That Govern Your Migration Plan
NIST IR 8547 is usually reduced to 2035. It sets two dates, and the earlier one is already shaping procurement and risk acceptance decisions.
How to Estimate Post-Quantum Migration Effort
Two planners can size the same estate at 2,000 tasks and 120,000. Here is the unit to count, the ratio that catches a bad…
Sequencing the Waves in a Post-Quantum Migration
Scope is not what sinks a post-quantum program. Order is. A practical guide to gates, dependencies, and how to cut a migration wave that…
The Real Size of a Post-Quantum Migration
One published program plan for a post-quantum migration runs to more than 120,000 scheduled tasks. Here is where the small estimate loses the work.
The Four Seams of a Modular Quantum System
Open architecture only works where the interfaces do. Here are the four boundaries in a quantum system that an architect has to specify, test,…
Quantum-as-a-Service: How Access Actually Works
Shots, tasks, queues, transpilation and reserved time. A walk through the full access path from credentials to returned counts, with a worked shot budget.