What Bitcoin’s Post-Quantum Migration Actually Requires
A new output type, a signature algorithm choice, a fee-market renegotiation, and a multi-year UTXO sunset. The engineering pieces of Bitcoin's PQC migration, and…
Post-Quantum Cryptography Standards: What Is Final and What Is Not
Three post-quantum standards are final, one is still pending, and roughly fifteen more algorithms are in competition. Here is where the boundary sits and…
NIST Security Strength Categories 1 to 5, Explained
NIST's five post-quantum security categories are floors, not bit counts. Here is what each one anchors to, how quantum cost models shape them, and…
How Hybrid Cryptography Works, Byte by Byte
Hybrid key exchange and dual signatures, explained from the combiner outward: what goes into the KDF, what the extra kilobytes cost, and how to…
Why You Can’t Just Drop In Post-Quantum Cryptography
The algorithms are standardised. The plumbing around them was sized for 32-byte keys. Here is where post-quantum objects break real infrastructure, and what to…