Why Signature Migration Needs the Longer Runway
A post-quantum plan is two migrations under one label. Sorting the signature work by who has to agree before you can change an algorithm…
China’s Quantum Talent Machine, and What It Couldn’t Buy
Two decades of state recruitment gave China a world-leading quantum program and left it short in the capabilities that decide how soon a cryptographically…
How to Read China’s Quantum Supply Chain
China went from zero domestic dilution refrigerator makers in 2021 to roughly ten. Here is how to read a supply chain claim like that…
How to Read China’s Quantum Computing Hardware Record
Two laboratories on Earth have published below-threshold quantum error correction, and one of them is in Hefei. A working method for separating demonstrated capability…
The Helium-3 Problem in Quantum Computing, Explained
Helium-3 has no substitute for millikelvin cooling, and most quantum computers never touch it. A working guide to the physics, the supply chain, and…
Quantum Sovereignty and Geopolitics: The Short Version
Export controls, investment screening, and diverging PQC standards have turned quantum sovereignty into a procurement question. The short version, for architects and buyers.
Will Magnetic Cooling Replace the Dilution Refrigerator?
Magnetic cooling reaches the same millikelvin temperatures as a dilution refrigerator and needs no helium-3. Cooling power at that temperature, not base temperature, decides…
The Quantum Software Stack Is a Real-Time Systems Problem
There is no quantum operating system yet. Reading the stack by deadline rather than by layer shows why, and shows where the engineering work…
The Two Dates in NIST IR 8547 That Govern Your Migration Plan
NIST IR 8547 is usually reduced to 2035. It sets two dates, and the earlier one is already shaping procurement and risk acceptance decisions.
How to Estimate Post-Quantum Migration Effort
Two planners can size the same estate at 2,000 tasks and 120,000. Here is the unit to count, the ratio that catches a bad…